[185], After World War I (1914-1918), many Europeans came to doubt the morality of the means used to "civilize" peoples. Passengers and crew at the Calgary, AB station where in 1884 regularly scheduled rail service began operating as far as BCs Continental Divide. The hotel is located within a spectacular setting in the Rocky Mountains, just above the Bow Fallsand close to thermal hot springs. Indigenous communities involved: The railway became the first in Canada to discover and develop the use of natural gas as a source for heating fuel. [81] The descriptors "Indian" and "Eskimo" have fallen into disuse in Canada. Acharya, Deepak and Shrivastava Anshu (2008): Indigenous Herbal Medicines: Tribal Formulations and Traditional Herbal Practices, Aavishkar Publishers Distributor, Jaipur, India. Indigenous peoples in Canada comprise the First Nations,[79] Inuit[80] and Mtis. [192][193] Professor Martin Nakata is a pioneer in the field of bringing indigenous knowledge to mainstream academics and media through digital documentation of unique contributions by aboriginal people. Summary: [141] There are several different groups that make up the indigenous inhabitants, the Punti, Hakka, Hoklo, and Tanka. Williams Lake Indian Band v. Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada, 2014 TRPC 3. Cominco, as it was later known, was at one a time a CPR subsidiary. The CPR made loans and guarantees to the Allies to the tune of $100 million. Three per cent of Canada's land area is covered by permanent pastures. The two new wings opened in 1928. Major urban areas include Quebec City, Montreal, Trois-Rivires, Saint-Hyacinthe, Cornwall, Ontario, Brockville, Ottawa/Gatineau and Pembroke. CP Ships growth strategy was to acquire small shipping lines and integrate them into a much larger entity. Summary: [56][57], Spain issued the Spanish Requirement of 1513 (Requerimiento), a document intended to inform Indigenous peoples that "they must accept Spanish missionaries and sovereignty or they would be annihilated". The second chapter in The Dark Secret Saga, Triumph or Agony, continues the bombastic Rhapsody of Fire tradition with a live 70-piece orchestra and choir as Turilli and Staropoli continued to self-produce the band's work with the assistance of co-producer Sascha Paeth. Flagship of the Canadian Pacific fleet following her entry into service in the summer of 1931, the 42,348-ton Empress of Britain was built at a cost of over $10 million to represent the Companys bid to maintain its competitive position in the trans-Atlantic and winter cruise markets. Within a distance of less than 1,800 feet, four tunnels and two bridges were required to cross the Coquihalla Canyon between Othello and Hope. Rain of a Thousand Flames served as a bridge between the last part of the Emerald Sword Saga and Power of the Dragonflame. ISBN 978-0-521-35097-6. [64][65][66], Misconceptions about the historical relationship between Indigenous populations and their landbase has informed some Westerners view of California's "wild Eden", which may influence policy decisions about the "wilderness". Seated left to right: H.G. Summary: The company entered the Jet Age in 1961 with the arrival of three Douglas DC8s, which became the fleet standard for the 1960s and early 1970s with DC8-40s and DC8-63s. Greek sources of the Classical period acknowledge Indigenous people whom they referred to as "Pelasgians". A drilling rig, contracted to explore by Canadian Pacific Oil and Gas Co., lights up the prairie waters of Chin Coulee near Taber, Alberta. Ref: NS6698. The Royal York Hotel, which opened on June 11th 1929, was once billed as the largest hotel in the British Empire and one of the finest on the continent. In addition to maintaining these services, this type of aircraft also inaugurated flights to Peru in the same year, Holland in 1955, and Portugal in 1957. [10] The doctrine developed further in the 15th century after the conflict between the Teutonic Knights and Poland over control of "pagan" Lithuania. In Sri Lanka, the Indigenous Vedda people constitute a small minority of the population today. The development of the polar route to the Far East from CP Airs Vancouver base would become one of the cornerstones of the airline. The reason of nonrecognition is the size of the population and relatively late advent to their current regions, thus indigenous peoples in Russia should be numbered less than 50,000 people. At sea, 22 CPR ships went to war with 12 of them being sunk, including the CPRs largest passenger ship ever, which was almost as big as the Titanic the Empress of Britain II. As stated by Robert J. Miller, Jacinta Ruru, Larissa Behrendt, and Tracey Lindberg, the doctrine developed over time "to justify the domination of non-Christian, non-European peoples and the confiscations of their lands and rights". The Chateau Lake Louise, opened in 1890 as a single-storey building of log construction. On 15 April 2011, it was announced that Tom Hess had become Rhapsody of Fire's second guitarist. Twenty-seven survived and returned to the CPR. [23], On 21 November 2016, former members Luca Turilli, Fabio Lione, Alex Holzwarth, Patrice Guers and Dominique Leurquin announced a Rhapsody "20th Anniversary Farewell Tour", in parallel to the current band. The country has one of the largest Indigenous peoples population in the world. At the time he did not hold a license to hunt grizzly bears; however, a year later, he obtained one, and sold the bear's hide. Rhapsody incorporated classical music, baroque and heavy metal styles in a subgenre they call "film score metal" due to its resemblance to movie soundtracks. Many of the workers in the tracklaying crew were immigrants from Europe, and often up to 200 men would be working togetherto move the track forward. Rogers, was an American surveyor now best remembered for his discovery of the Rogers Pass in the Selkirk Mountains of BC in 1882. Indigenous communities involved: it's all free! The earliest documented use of this term was in 1804. Further renovations were designed by architect, J. W. Orrock, who continued in the style originated by Painter, greatly expanded the Painter Tower, altering its roof line, and adding his own massive additions. It was renamed the Canadian Pacific Express Company in 1926. . Winters can be harsh in many parts of the country, particularly in the interior and Prairie provinces, which experience a continental climate, where daily average temperatures are near 15C (5F), but can drop below 40C (40F) with severe wind chills. The plan included a 3.2 kilometer aqueduct constructed at Brooks, an enormous dam built at Bassano on the Bow River and about 4,000 kilometers of canals and ditches. The Arctic Lowlands and Hudson Bay lowlands comprise a substantial part of the geographic region often designated as the Canadian Shield (in contrast to the sole geologic area). [10], This narrative is that of Robert J. Miller, Jacinta Ruru, Larissa Behrendt, and Tracey Lindberg; all of whom are Indigenous rights' activists and legal scholars, at times these authors cite to "commentators", not historians, primary sources or experts on the topic. CPR operated harvest trains that brought able-bodied men to the farm to fill that niche. Kelley, President, Grand Trunk Railway; D.B. Country grain elevators, similar to these at Indian Head, Saskatchewan, were introduced to the prairies in 1879, and soon became a symbol of Canadas grain-producing areas in the West. Rhapsody of Fire's ninth studio album, From Chaos to Eternity, was released on 12 July 2011. A small area of southwestern Saskatchewan is drained by Battle Creek, which empties into the Milk River.[70]. [18] Sala had previously been a bandmate of Roberto De Micheli in the band Sinestesia.[19]. ", "The Yazidis - An Ancient Indigenous People", "Israel-Palestine and the Settler Colonial 'Turn': From Interpretation to Decolonization", "Zionism, Imperialism, and Indigeneity in Israel/Palestine: A Critical Analysis", "Invoking the Indigenous, for and against Israel", "Israeli Views of the Land of Israel/Palestine", "Indigeneity as Cultural Resistance: Notes on the Palestinian Struggle within Twenty-First-Century Israel", "Contested Indigeneity: The Development of an Indigenous Discourse on the Bedouin of the Negev, Israel", "Between rights and denials: Bedouin indigeneity in the Negev/Naqab", "The culturalisation of indigeneity: the Palestinian-Bedouin of the Naqab and indigenous rights", "Natives in Russia's far east worry about vanishing fish", "Current Developments in Comparative Austronesian Studies", "ANNEX III of Sino-British Joint Declaration", "Indonesia and the Denial of Indigenous Peoples' Existence", "Myanmar - IWGIA - International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs", "Who are Europe's indigenous peoples and what are their struggles? Erected in 1898 on a narrow strip of land between the tracks and the lakeshore, the building served as both a hotel and railway station and catered not only to transient guests awaiting train connections but also vacationers and fishermen, for whom the CPR provided rowboats, motor launches and even a houseboat. It may have first been used in this context by Sir Thomas Browne. These concerns are often not unique to Indigenous groups. A member of the Mi'kmaq community was charged with fishing out of season without a license, and selling his catch without a license. Gitksan/Gitxaala/Kitkatla Band. Offerhaus (1979). Canada has a vast geography that occupies much of the continent of North America, sharing a land border with the contiguous United States to the south and the U.S. state of Alaska to the northwest. Such a rate could not have been the product of globalization as understood before; rather, it seemed that ordinary local people dependent on these forests for their livelihoods are in fact "joining distant corporations in creating uninhabitable landscapes. Hanna, Third Vice-President, Canadian Northern Railway, sitting in on behalf of the President, Sir William Mackenzie; Lord Shaughnessy, President, CPR; A.H. Smith, President, New York Central Railroad; E.W. They sought a declaration that this dismissal was unconstitutional. It serves non-Natives to add a narrative and value beyond that which already exists within the knowledge base of Indigenous peoples. [28], The new lineup performed for the first time at the Trieste Summer Rock Festival at the castle of San Giusto on 29 July 2017 in Trieste, Italy. [30], On 14 March 2018, the band had posted a narrative extract on their Facebook page, hinting that another album was being made. When the railway construction project was turned over to a private company in 1881, the route was changed to the Kicking Horse Pass (west of Lake Louise). English monarchs decreed that colonists should spread Christianity "to those [who] as yet live in Darkness and miserable Ignorance of the true Knowledge and Worship of God, [and] to bring the Infidels and Savages, living in those parts, to human civility, and to a settled and quiet Government". [13], Estimates of the total global population of Indigenous peoples usually range from 250 million to 600 million. In Asia and Africa, where the majority of Indigenous peoples live, Indigenous population figures are less clear and may fluctuate dramatically as states tend to underreport the population of Indigenous peoples, or define them by different terminology. [49] Further, the uncontested view of historians has always been that Columbus reached the Caribbean in October 1492-not "as early as 1493";[50][51][52] having set sail with the intention of reaching Asia. Several national organizations in Canada changed their names from "Aboriginal" to "Indigenous". This tendency of journalists extends beyond Davis and Henley. [19], As a reference to a group of people, the term Indigenous first came into use by Europeans who used it to differentiate the Indigenous peoples of the Americas from enslaved Africans. The Bulls that they reference either applied only to the Canary Islands or were in reference to conduct in centuries old conflicts with the Moors and Arabs (collectively called "Saracens") who invaded the Iberian Peninsula before being thrown back by Portuguese and Spanish armies who then pursued them into North Africa, a region the Saracens were not the Indigenous peoples of; further these regions were not "discovered" in any sense of the word as there had been regular interactions between the inhabitants of the Iberian peninsula and North Western Africa for millennia. Keyboardist/songwriter Alex Staropoli adds, "The name Rhapsody of Fire better represents the energy that has always been present in this band and its music.". R.v. Sappier; R.v. Gray, [2006] 2 S.C.R. In 2001 PanCanadian was spun off from the CPR, and in 2002 merged with Alberta Energy Company to form Encana, one of North Americas largest independent energy companies. Oulu University, Slezkine, Y. [27] In 1982 the group accepted a preliminary definition by Jos R. Martnez-Cobo, Special Rapporteur on Discrimination against Indigenous Populations:[28], Indigenous communities, peoples, and nations are those that, having a historical continuity with pre-invasion and pre-colonial societies that developed on their territories, consider themselves distinct from other sectors of the societies now prevailing in those territories, or parts of them. "[10], Christian Europeans had already begun invading and colonizing lands outside of Europe before the Council of Constance, demonstrating how the doctrine was applied to non-Christian Indigenous peoples outside Europe. The hustle and bustle of the Toronto, Hamilton & Buffalo Railways (TH&B) Walnut Street freight office and shed in 1897. [37] The Saint Elias Mountains lie to their west and northwest, while the Yukon Ranges and Yukon Basin lie to their north. Once open, a trip across the country could be counted in days. In the 1931 season alone, Ms. Englehard made 38 ascents, mostly in the Yoho area and the Selkirks. But the CPRs most important contribution was its men and women, both at home and abroad. These constraints can be observed even when the Indigenous society is regulated largely by its own tradition and custom. The Coast Mountains in British Columbia run from the lower Fraser River and the Fraser Canyon northwestward, separating the Interior Plateau from the Pacific Ocean. The Danish island dependency of Greenland lies to Canada's northeast, separated from the Canadian Arctic islands by Baffin Bay and Davis Strait. [This loss of native property and sovereignty rights was justified, the Court said, by] the character and religion of its inhabitants the superior genius of Europe [and] ample compensation to the [Indians] by bestowing on them civilization and Christianity, in exchange for unlimited independence. Differential flotation allowed minerals to float by sticking to bubbles formed in certain mixtures of chemicals and oils. [127] This has been criticised both by scholars associated with the Israeli state, who dispute the Bedouin's claim to indigeneity,[128] and those who argue that recognising just one group of Palestinians as indigenous risks undermining others' claims and "fetishising" nomadic cultures.[129]. [94] Indigenous peoples are found in the entire territory of Brazil, although the majority of them live in Indian reservations in the North and Center-Western part of the country. In 1891, CPR adopted a new name for its steamship services the Canadian Pacific Steamship Company. Canmore, AB, circa 1880's. Browse a range of catalogues, perfect for the whole family. In December 1883, while searching for water at Langevin AB , CPR employees discovered natural gas rushing out of the well tube. The Banff Springs Hotel opened in 1888, on a site that was personally chosen by Van Horne. This event gave a tremendous blow to the claim often published by the Vietnamese government that in Vietnam "There has been no ethnic confrontation, no religious war, no ethnic conflict. The band members consider this a great new start, reflecting the emboldened and increasingly grandiose direction that their music has taken. North Shore of Lake Superior, circa 1885. But because already existent populations within other parts of Europe at the time of classical antiquity had more in common - culturally speaking - with the Greco-Roman world, the intricacies involved in expansion across the European frontier were not so contentious relative to Indigenous issues. Exceptions include Australia, New Zealand and Hawaii. PanCanadians holdings increased over the next twenty years making it the largest independent producer of crude oil and natural gas in Canada. The French plates were later discovered by Indigenous peoples of the Ohio River. The World's Largest Wetlands: Ecology and Conservation. Indigenous societies range from those who have been significantly exposed to the colonizing or expansionary activities of other societies (such as the Maya peoples of Mexico and Central America) through to those who as yet remain in comparative isolation from any external influence (such as the Sentinelese and Jarawa of the Andaman Islands). In 1882, with Van Horne in charge of construction, crews laid 673 kilometers of track. The case dealt in part with the issue of whether Aboriginal land title claims required regular occupation of the land in question. The telephone had barely been invented, but telegraph was well established as a means of communicating quickly across great distances. [49] The furthest straight-line distance that can be travelled to Canadian points of land is between the southwest tip of Kluane National Park and Reserve (next to Mount Saint Elias) and Cripple Cove, Newfoundland (near Cape Race) at a distance of 3,005.60 nautical miles (5,566.37km; 3,458.78mi). HoWhy theory and the cultural transition in the Sakha Republic. Subscribe to the world's #1 PC gaming mag; Try a single issue or save on a subscription; Issues delivered straight to your door or device [16] A recent global remote sensing analysis also suggested that there were 6,477km of tidal flats in Canada, making it the 5th ranked country in terms of how much tidal flat occurs there. [93] Rapa Nui of Easter Island, who are a Polynesian people, are the only non-Amerindian indigenous people in Chile. Members of one of the CPRsAir Raid Precaution units stage a mobile display of their contribution to civil defence in the early 1940s. Markers of possession such as crosses, flags, and plates claiming possession and other symbols became important in this contest to claim Indigenous lands. Those who were close to the Hobbesian view tended to believe themselves to have a duty to "civilize" and "modernize" the Indigenous. Located on the Canadian Pacific Railway main line at the western entrance of Rogers Pass, the Glacier House was the most popular of the three small mountain hotels established by the Company in 1886 at Field, Glacier and North Bend, BC to provide meals for train passengers and lodging for those wishing to stop over and admire the scenery. The number of local elevators grew rapidly following the first great harvest in 1887, when the inadequacy of the fledgling grain storage and transportation system forced farmers to store their crops in two-bushel jute sacks on railway platforms, often in stacks which overshadowed the station building. On October 21, 1880 a group of Scottish Canadian businessmen finally formed a viable syndicate to build a transcontinental railway. However, Nuclear Blast stated that the album would not be released until 30 April. After the tour, they began recording their new album, Dawn of Victory. The company attracted settlers at central points in the British Isles and assisted in their placement on farms throughout Canada. For the "parallel" Rhapsody band created in 2011, see, Success and conclusion of The Emerald Sword Saga (20002004), Beginning of The Dark Secret Saga, name change and legal issues (20042008), Final albums with Turilli, end of The Dark Secret Saga; split into two bands (20092011), Continued line-up changes, parallel farewell tour (20122017), The Nephilim's Empire Saga (2018present), Symphony of Enchanted Lands II: The Dark Secret, The Cold Embrace of Fear A Dark Romantic Symphony, Symphony of Enchanted Lands II The Dark Secret, "Rhapsody of Fire hometown, lineup, biography", "RHAPSODY OF FIRE: New Album Details Revealed", "FILM SCORE METAL BAND RHAPSODY OF FIRE ANNOUNCES NEW SECOND GUITAR PLAYER", "RHAPSODY OF FIRE Signs With AFM RECORDS", "Rhapsody Of Fire - Part Ways With Guitarist Tom Hess - Metal Storm", "RHAPSODY OF FIRE announce new studio album "Dark Wings Of Steel", "Cover Photos - Rhapsody Of Fire | Facebook", "Sinestesia - Encyclopaedia Metallum: The Metal Archives", "Timeline Photos - Rhapsody Of Fire | Facebook", "RHAPSODY OF FIRE: 'Into The Legend' Cover Artwork, Track Listing Revealed", "RHAPSODY OF FIRE Vocalist FABIO LIONE Steps Down - "It's Time For Me To Write A New Chapter Of My Life", "Alex Holzwarth Splits With Rhapsody Of Fire", "RHAPSODY Announces '20th Anniversary Farewell Tour', "Rhapsody of Fire Recruits Singer Giacomo Voli", "Rhapsody Of Fire Names Manu Lotter As New Drummer", "Rhapsody Of Fire Announces "Legendary Years" Release", "RHAPSODY OF FIRE Return With New Lineup And A Very Special Release", "Trieste Summer Rock Festival - Rhapsody of Fire - Official Website", "ORDEN OGAN Announce Gunmen Tour With Special Guests RHAPSODY OF FIRE", "RHAPSODY OF FIRE: in arrive il nuovo album", "RHAPSODY OF FIRE To Release 'The Eighth Mountain' Album in February", "RHAPSODY OF FIRE Reveal Details of New Album 'The Eighth Mountain', "Rhapsody Of Fire Reveals New Album "The Eighth Mountain" Details", "RHAPSODY OF FIRE - Registrazioni del nuovo album entro il 2020", "RHAPSODY OF FIRE: il batterista Manu Lotter lascia la band", "RHAPSODY OF FIRE: terminate le registrazioni del nuovo album", "RHAPSODY OF FIRE: quasi pronto il nuovo album", "RHAPSODY OF FIRE: i dettagli del nuovo Ep e anticipazione dal nuovo album", "RHAPSODY OF FIRE To Release I'll Be Your Hero EP In June; Cover Artwork And Tracklist Revealed", "RHAPSODY OF FIRE: Neues Album "Glory For Salvation" fr November angekndigt", "RHAPSODY OF FIRE: in arrivo il nuovo singolo "Glory for Salvation", "RHAPSODY OF FIRE RELEASE NEW SINGLE "MAGIC SIGNS", "TERIAL THE HAWK: 'Terial The Hawk'-Single vom "Glory For Salvation"-Album verffentlicht", "RHAPSODY OF FIRE - Ascolta il nuovo brano 'Chains Of Destiny', "RHAPSODY OF FIRE Release New Single / Video "Chains Of Destiny", "Rhapsody Of Fire - Detail Next Full Length 'Glory For Salvation', https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rhapsody_of_Fire&oldid=1124721331, Articles with dead external links from March 2020, Short description is different from Wikidata, Pages using infobox musical artist with associated acts, Articles with unsourced statements from August 2021, Articles with unsourced statements from May 2008, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 30 November 2022, at 04:43. There are significant dairy regions in central Nova Scotia, southern New Brunswick, the St. Lawrence Valley, northeastern Ontario, southwestern Ontario, the Red River valley of Manitoba and the valleys in the British Columbia Interior, on Vancouver Island and in the Lower Mainland. In an era before credit cards and the Internet, money orders were a safe means of transporting funds to distant places rather than incur the risk of mailing cash. Rhapsody of Fire is known for its conceptual lyrics that constitute a fantasy story throughout all of their albums from 1997 to 2011. The steel skeleton has been completed and the limestone outer walls are progressing upward in this view of the Royal York Hotel in Toronto under construction. Samson Reserve and Pigeon Lake Reserves, Alberta, Mikisew Cree First Nationv.Canada (Minister of Canadian Heritage), [2005] 3 S.C.R. Canada's abundance of natural resources is reflected in their continued importance in the economy of Canada. [51], Much of Northern Canada is covered by ice and permafrost; however, the future of the permafrost is uncertain because the Arctic has been warming at three times the global average as a result of climate change in Canada. Shortly after the release of Eternal Glory, Adacher and bassist Furlan left the band. Summary: Komenda na legalnego aimbota CS:GO. CS GO Aimbot. Even after the railway was built the CPR continued to profitably operate steamship and paddle wheel service on many rivers and lakes they were complementary to the railway. Some particular regions of the Shield are referred to as mountain ranges, including the Torngat and Laurentian Mountains.[27]. Though Canada's volcanic history dates back to the Precambrian eon, at least 3.11billion years ago, when its part of the North American continent began to form,[62] volcanism continues to occur in Western and Northern Canada in modern times, where it forms part of an encircling chain of volcanoes and frequent earthquakes around the Pacific Ocean called the Pacific Ring of Fire. The project ranked as one of the largest irrigation systems on the continent. Summary: With long summer days, dry conditions, and an experienced tracklaying crew, up to five miles of track were laid per day. The scholars remark: "so much for legal formalism and the free will and natural law rights of New World Indigenous peoples. According to Statistics Canada, 72.0 percent of the population is concentrated within 150 kilometres (93mi) of the nation's southern border with the United States, 70.0% live south of the 49th parallel, and over 60 percent of the population lives along the Great Lakes and St. Lawrence River between Windsor, Ontario, and Quebec City. Farm labourers in front of harvest excursion train. [18] Approximately 13.8 percent of its territorial waters are conserved, including 8.9 percent designated as protected areas.[18]. WebLands' End is a classic American lifestyle brand with a passion for quality, legendary service & real value. aq'am (also known as St. Mary's Indian Band; member of the Ktunaxa Nation). Kaska-Dene, Delgamuukwv. British Columbia, [1997] 3 S.C.R. CP Ships was spun off as a separate entity from CP in 2001. A rail gang poses atop over-sized garland-festooned boarding cars during construction of the Calgary and Edmonton Railway mainline in 1891. The issue facing the court was whether the British Columbia Fishery (General) Regulations, which prohibited the sale of these fish under the appellant's existing Indian food fishing license, infringed upon her rights under section 35 of the Consitution Act. This duringthe CPRs heyday, when the railway was much more than just a railway. [69], The Atlantic watershed drains the entirety of the Atlantic provinces (parts of the Quebec-Labrador border are fixed at the Atlantic Ocean-Arctic Ocean continental divide), most of inhabited Quebec and large parts of southern Ontario. Contractor RG Reids construction crews clear tons of rock for the mainline at Doughertys Cut on Lake Superiors rugged north shore in 1885. The National Topographic System is used by Natural Resources Canada for providing general purpose topographic maps of the country. Canadair C4 Argonauts, DC3s and then DC6s were the primary planes used in the first decade, and in 1958 the airline replaced many of these with Bristol Britannia turboprops. Although all were architecturally different, an emphasis on granite stonework and copper roofs were common elements, and many were designed to look similar to European castles. The DC-6 was the last all-propeller-driven aircraft acquired by the airline, and was replaced on the Companys international routes in 1958 by the turbo-prop Bristol Britannia, itself an interim type succeeded three years later by the pure-jet Douglas DC-8. The CPRs bilingual exhibition car crisscrossed Ontario and Quebec beginning in 1884 promoting the great openings for immigrants to the boundless limits of the great Canadian North-West. Varieties of grains and vegetables that could be grown on the Prairies together with specimens of ore, copper and iron from the Bow River were on display. Treaty 8 First Nations territory, northern Alberta. Heere; J.P.S. FIND OUT MORE [b] However, the Council upheld that conquests could "legally" occur if non-Christians refused to comply with Christianization and natural law. Fraser Canyon House overlooked the Fraser River at North Bend, BC, and was one of three small hotel and dining halls erected by CPR in 1886-87. Survival International runs a campaign to stamp out media portrayal of Indigenous peoples as "primitive" or "savages". This leaves the vast majority of Canada's territory as sparsely populated wilderness; Canada's population density is 3.5 people/km2 (9.1/mi2), among the lowest in the world. The interactions between Indigenous and non-Indigenous societies throughout history and contemporarily have been complex, ranging from outright conflict and subjugation to some degree of mutual benefit and cultural transfer. [citation needed], There are competing claims that Palestinian Arabs and Jews are indigenous to historic Palestine/the Land of Israel. Despite this, 79.7 percent of Canada's population resides in urban areas, where population densities are increasing. The Quintette Tunnels on the former Kettle Valley Railway. B. Rogers was hired in April 1881 by the railway company to find the pass. Indeed, Indigenous peoples were often recognized as sovereign peoples by states, as witnessed by the hundreds of treaties concluded between Indigenous peoples and the governments of the United States, Canada, New Zealand and others. Canadas confederation on July 1, 1867 brought four eastern provinces together to form a new country. 1999 was a quiet year for Rhapsody, but Luca and Fabio both released solo albums. They were also natural stopover points for weary travellers who needed a hotel room for the night on their travels. [8] There are approximately five thousand Indigenous nations throughout the world. The Canadian government and the CPR then began working to develop the springs as a tourist destination to increase traffic on the CPR and ensure the profitability of the railway. Summary: In July 2013, Tom Hess respectfully parted ways with the band due to "philosophical differences" with Alex Staropoli. Columbia Icefield, AB, 1940. At the Council of Constance (1414) the Knights argued that their claims were "authorized by papal proclamations dating from the time of the Crusades [which] allowed the outright confiscation of the property and sovereign rights of heathens". At this time 'indigenous people(s)' also began to be used to describe a legal category in Indigenous law created in international and national legislation. They were located near schools, churches and, of course, the railway. [70], The Hudson Bay watershed drains over a third of Canada. Summary: [70], The continental divide in the Rockies separates the Pacific watershed in British Columbia and Yukon from the Arctic and Hudson Bay watersheds. Innocent IV argued that Christians were justified in invading and acquiring infidels' lands because it was the church's duty to control the spiritual health of all humans on Earth. The Cham are the Indigenous people of the former state of Champa which was conquered by Vietnam in the ChamVietnamese wars during Nam tin. From children's clothing and women's fashion to furniture and gardening catalogues, the options are endless. Skiing in Sunshine Valley, near Banff, Alberta. Indu is an extended form of the Proto-Indo-European en or "in". Travel Brochures | UK Tourism | Newsletters | Cruise Holidays, Copyright Neal, CPR, Secretary of the Committee. Francisco de Vitoria, On the Evangelization of Unbelievers, 1534-35, in, European treaties bearing on the history of the United States and its Dependencies to 1648, ed. In the United States, the combined populations of Native Americans, Inuit and other Indigenous designations totaled 2,786,652 (constituting about 1.5% of 2003 U.S. census figures). A European tour followed the release of the album. At its height, the Canadian Pacific Express subsidiary maintained more than 8,900 agencies in Canada and around the world. This resulted in the establishment of the United States of America as an entity separate from the British Empire. Tsilhqot'in Nation, Beckmanv.Little Salmon/CarmacksFirst Nation, 2010 SCC 53, [2010] 3 S.C.R. However, conflicts and disputes concerning land use and resource rights continue between indigenous groups, the government, and corporate entities. Summary: By land area alone, however, Canada ranks fourth, the difference being due to it having the world's largest proportion of fresh water lakes. Newer songs include "Silent Dream", "Son of Pain" and the epic 16-minute-long "The Mystic Prophecy of the Demonknight", an example of a cinema soundtrack adapted to a metal song. The Inuit have achieved a degree of administrative autonomy with the creation in 1999 of the territories of Nunavik (in Northern Quebec), Nunatsiavut (in Northern Labrador) and Nunavut, which was until 1999 a part of the Northwest Territories. Canada covers 9,984,670km2 (3,855,100sqmi) and a panoply of various geoclimatic regions, of which there are seven main regions. In 1774, Captain James Cook attempted to invalidate Spain's land-claims to Tahiti by removing Spanish marks of possession and then proceeding to set up English marks of possession. [25] The Central Lowland stretches between the Ottawa River and the St. Lawrence River. For many years, the contribution of the Chinese railway workers went largely uncelebrated. A string of his horses had gotten away, and it was while tracking them that he first entered the valley. This case established new ways of assessing whether such benefits should be taxable, including the locations of the employer, employee, work, and payment. Dayak People are one of the Indigenous groups of Borneo. [70], The northern parts of Alberta, Manitoba and British Columbia, most of Northwest Territories and Nunavut, and parts of Yukon are drained by the Arctic watershed. In the early 1920s a group of women immigrating to Canada pose on the steps of the Regina Womens Hostel. Throughout the Shield there are many mining towns extracting these minerals. Summary: Fifteen years ago CPR, working with the Chinese community, erected a monument in Toronto honouring Chinese railway labourers. [24], On 11 November 2016, the band announced their new lead vocalist, Giacomo Voli. Statements at the Johnson court case illuminated the United States' support for the principles of the discovery doctrine:[59]. [122][123] Israeli Jews have also claimed indigeneity, citing religious and historical connections to the land as their ancient homeland; some have disputed the authenticity of Palestinian claims. ), Archaeology of social relations: ten case studies by Finnish archaeologists (pp. [17] Protected areas of Canada and National Wildlife Areas have been established to preserve ecosystems.[18]. The appellant, a Mohawk, was charged with fishing without a license. Liverpool, Great Britain, 1923. These women also become economically dependent on men when they lose their livelihoods. Indigenous peoples were not consulted or included in these arrangements. These people were being uprooted in the first place because their communities did not fit well with the state's system of values.[74]. The claimants in this case were members of a Metis community in Alberta, but when they registered as status Indians under the Indian Act in order to obtain medical benefits, their membership in the Metis settlement was revoked. They describe their discography as a parallel continuation of Rhapsody of Fire's discography, with their first album being their own "Rhapsody's 11th album" and consider that they didn't leave the band, rather that it amicably split in two.[5]. Money orders were a large business for the CPR. [9], Indigenous peoples' homelands have historically been colonized by larger ethnic groups, who justified colonization with beliefs of racial and religious superiority, land use or economic opportunity. [33] [131][7] Thus, indigenous peoples of Russia such as Sakha, Komi, Karelian and others are not considered as such due to the size of the population (more than 50,000 people), and consequently they "are not the subjects of the specific legal protections. [167] Cham in the Mekong Delta have also been economically marginalised, with ethnic Vietnamese settling on land previously owned by Cham people with state support. The Kootenay Lake Hotel at Balfour, BC, was built by the CPRin 1910 to provide first class lodgings for tourists and businessmen visiting the Kootenays. In the 16th century, England established a new interpretation of the Doctrine: "the new theory, primarily developed by English legal scholars, argued that the Catholic King Henry VII of England would not violate the 1493 papal bulls, which divided the world for the Spanish and Portuguese". In addition, vocalist Fabio Lione gave his songwriting debut for Rhapsody of Fire with the song "Il canto del Vento". Some islands remain under administration from Paris, Washington, London or Wellington. In 1939 the ship was requisitioned by the British Government for wartime trooping service and while returning to Britain on her fifth voyage as a military transport was intercepted by enemy forces off the coast of Ireland and sunk on October 28, 1940. Canada is home to the world's northernmost settlement, Canadian Forces Station Alert, on the northern tip of Ellesmere Islandlatitude 82.5Nwhich lies 817 kilometres (508mi) from the North Pole. Today, Canadian Pacific Railway is a fully independent, public company with shares trading on the major stock exchanges in Toronto and New York. There are many possible ways and we will see what will happen. Government Policies for Ethnic Minorities in the Socialist Republic of Viet Nam", "Tanzanian Maasai battle eviction from ancestral land", "Resolutions and Decisions. By 1906, plans were advanced for a complete overhaul of the Banff Springs Hotel, with much of the original structure being replaced. Gitksan or Wet'suwet'en hereditary chiefs claimed, among them, that over 58,000 square kilometers of British Columbia land should be under their jurisdiction. [27] The album was released on 26 May 2017. Image courtesy of the City of Vancouver Archives, Major Mathews collection, Item # Port P587.02, Thompson River, BC, circa 1880's. It is argued that it is important for the human species as a whole to preserve as wide a range of cultural diversity as possible, and that the protection of indigenous cultures is vital to this enterprise. The hotel soon grew to become the headquarters for mountain climbing within the new Glacier National Park and the first recorded mountaineering expedition in Canada set out from here in 1888. The CPR was the first company in Canada to discover and develop the use of natural gas as a source for heating fuel. For the academic field studying the Indigenous peoples of North America, see, Catholic Church and doctrine of discovery, Settler independence and continuing colonialism, Environmental and economic benefits of Indigenous stewardship of land. On the CP steamship Empress of Indias 1891 maiden voyage to Vancouver, BC she carried 131 passengers along with a precious cargo of tea and silk. [45] The fifth single, "Chains of Destiny" was released on 7 November 2021, along with a music video. Gull Lake, SK, circa 1890's. [13] This tour was their largest yet, spanning three continents. [37] Greco-Roman society flourished between 330BCE and 640CE and undertook successive campaigns of conquest that subsumed more than half of the known world of the time. Over the next seven years 15,000 men, including many Chinese labourers, built 545 km of track from Port Moody to Craigellachie in Eagle Pass, where he ran out of rail. According to lawyers and human rights groups and activists, approximately 30 Maasai people were injured by security forces in the process of eviction and delimiting a land area of 1500 km2. These two groups are often referred to as Indigenous Australians,[150] although terms such as First Nations[151] and First Peoples are also used.[152]. Shortly after the beginning of World War I, CPR organized the first battalion of Canadian Overseas Railway Construction Corps (CORCC) volunteers. [38] The widespread granite forming the Coast Mountains formed when magma intruded and cooled at depth beneath volcanoes of the Coast Range Arc whereas the metamorphic formed when intruding magma heated the surrounding rock to produce schist. Additions to the Banff Springs Hotel were completed in 1902, 1911, 1914, 1926 and 1928, necessitated by the growing volume of tourist traffic. Peavine Mtis Settlement. They are culturally distinct groups that find themselves engulfed by other settler societies born of forces of empire and conquest". For historical political boundaries of Canada, see. On 18 November 2009, it was announced that the band had signed with Nuclear Blast Records and that their new album, The Frozen Tears of Angels, would be released on 5 March 2010. During this period of time, they went through a few bassist changes in their lineup. Smokehouse Ltd., [1996] 2 SCR 672. [19] Average winter and summer high temperatures across Canada range from Arctic weather in the north, to hot summers in the southern regions, with four distinct seasons. Lake & River Service sternwheeler Sicamous was launched in 1914 from the Canadian Pacific shipyard at Okanagan Landing. They are subdivided in three main groups, the Pacific Ranges between the Fraser River and Bella Coola, the Kitimat Ranges from there northwards to the Nass River, and the Boundary Ranges from there to the mountain terminus in Yukon at Champagne Pass and Chilkat Pass northwest of Haines, Alaska. [46] The southernmost point is Middle Island, in Lake Erie, Ontario (4141N 8240W); the southernmost water point lies just south of the island, on the OntarioOhio border (414035N). "[5][6], Peoples are usually described as "Indigenous" when they maintain traditions or other aspects of an early culture that is associated with the first inhabitants of a given region. As an example of how it works, an eastbound train leaving Field (at the bottom of the illustration) would travel across the Kicking Horse River and into the Lower Spiral Tunnel. Any studio or live activity was suspended for the period. Recent studies indicate that Indigenous peoples used land sustainably, without causing substantial losses of biodiversity, for thousands of years. The Claimant says that thereafter Canada failed to meet its responsibility to set apart the Village Lands as reserve. [54] Metal smelting, coal-burning utilities, and vehicle emissions impact agricultural and forest productivity. Location: Jensen, De Ladickmar (1992), Renaissance Europe 2nd ed. [143] This problem is shared by many other countries in the ASEAN region. To the southeast Canada shares a maritime boundary with France's overseas collectivity of Saint Pierre and Miquelon, the last vestige of New France. For example, settler independence movements in thirteen of the British American colonies were successful by 1783, following the American Revolutionary War. Summary: This is borne out by the fact that the lands and cultures of nearly all of the peoples listed at the end of this article are under threat. And the CPR gave jobs to an additional 13,112 who made it back from overseas fighting. Summary: [10] These eco-areas encompass over 80,000 classified species of Canadian wildlife, with an equal number yet to be formally recognized or discovered. Express (package delivery), telegraph, hotel, sleeping and dining car and other lines of business were addedeither as separate departments or companies. Many Indigenous populations have undergone a dramatic decline and even extinction, and remain threatened in many parts of the world. "[32], The largely Eurocentric so-called "blue-water" hypothesis suggests that only transoceanic (European) colonizers can become the "other" to peoples defined by contrast as "indigenous". In the spring of 1885, construction began on the largest structure to date, the CPRs Mountain Creek Bridge. [55] Due to pollution, loss of biodiversity, over-exploitation of commercial species, invasive species, and habitat loss, there are currently more than 800 wild life species at risk of being lost. The CPRs colonization efforts and achievements that went well beyond simply selling its lands remain unique among the land grant railways of North America. This analytical document contains the results from the NHS on Aboriginal peoples. Hess had actually joined the band in December 2010, recording all the rhythm guitar parts and contributing several solos for From Chaos to Eternity. In the 1890s the CPR heavily marketed the Rockies as an unexplored Canadian Alps. Professional Swiss mountaineering guides were hired in 1899 to ensure the safety of the clientele and to complete the marketing picture of the Rockies as the Alps. Ref: A16611. Several thousand employees across the country received training in evacuating buildings, administering first aid, maintaining and repairing communications, electrical and sanitary services, and extinguishing incendiary bombs. For a time in the late 19th century, First Nations people and Mtis collected buffalo bones at locations such as Gull Lake, SK, selling them by the ton for shipment to the manufacturing centres in the east where they were converted into phosphate for fertilizers. 222. Over a quarter of a mile long, the triple-chute toboggan run by the Chteau Frontenac is one of the most popular winter sports in the Quebec capital. In Spanish or Portuguese speaking countries, one finds the use of terms such as ndios, pueblos indgenas, amerindios, povos nativos, povos indgenas, and, in Peru, Comunidades Nativas (Native Communities), particularly among Amazonian societies like the Urarina[92] and Matss. Unfortunately, two employees were injured in the following explosion and fire. Conflict over lack of consultation prior to the federal approval of a road which would run through the Mikisew Reserve, land guaranteed by Treaty 8 (1899). Summary: According to Indigenous rights' activists and legal scholars Robert J. Miller, Jacinta Ruru, Larissa Behrendt, and Tracey Lindberg, the roots of the doctrine go back as far as the fifth-century popes and leaders in the church who had ambitions of forming a global Christian commonwealth. To hinder encroachment on the Central Highlands by Vietnamese nationalists, the term Pays Montagnard du Sud-Indochinois (PMSI) emerged for the Central Highlands along with the indigenous being addressed by the name Montagnard. [44] The fourth single, "Terial the Hawk", was released on 15 October 2021. Five per cent of Canada's land area is arable, none of which is for permanent crops. Keddy (eds.). [159] The country's constitution and key statutes identify traditional or custom-based practices and land tenure, and explicitly set out to promote the viability of these traditional societies within the modern state. The Churchill River and Saint John River are other important elements of the Atlantic watershed in Canada. Interior of CPRmilitary hospital ward car, used during World War I for transporting wounded personnel from ports of entry to local hospitals across Canada. The club opened in 1982, eventually fostering the Manchester acid house and rave scene in the late 1980s. TakuRiverTlingitFirst Nationv.British Columbia (Project Assessment Director), [2004] 3 S.C.R. "[5][6], In the 1970s, the term was used as a way of linking the experiences, issues, and struggles of groups of colonized people across international borders. Engine 5927, a T1b 2-10-4 steam locomotive, pulls a CPR westbound passenger train along Albertas Bow River. In the years that followed, Turilli, Staropoli, and Lione developed their new sound even more with their second album, Symphony of Enchanted Lands, in 1998, having been joined by bass player Alessandro Lotta. Raiswell, Richard. 722). [25] The East Lowland includes Anticosti Island, les de Mingan, and extends to the Strait of Belle Isle. Since the late 20th century these peoples have increasingly sought recognition of their rights as distinct Indigenous peoples, in both national and international contexts. [182], Indigenous knowledge is considered as very important for issues linked with sustainability. These hotels served businesspeople and visitors, as well as passengers requiring overnight accommodation between connecting trains. WebOrder a free copy of the Lands End Clothing Catalogue now and discover beautiful clothing for the whole family!. In 1958 the CPR created a subsidiary Canadian Pacific Oil and Gas (CPOG), and passed all of the mineral title lands to the subsidiary. In reality, eastern Penan populations do not identify a medicinal stream of "knowledge". However, there are more ethnic groups that are considered indigenous, for example, the Akha, the Lisu, the Lahu or the Mru, among others.[144]. [56], Canada's major biomes are the tundra, boreal forest, grassland, and temperate deciduous forest. WebThe Haienda was a nightclub and music venue in Manchester, North West England, which became famous during the Manchester years of the 1980s and early 1990s. A status Indian belonging to the Huron-Wendat Nation, who has invested income in a bank on the Wendake Reserve, considered his income from this investment exempt from taxation under the Indian Act. Ref: A10976. There are also others sets of Indigenous peoples in Palawan, Mindoro, Visayas, and the rest central and south Luzon. [82][83] More currently, the term "Aboriginal" is being replaced with "Indigenous". Notable figures present on this historic day included: Frank Brothers, Construction Foreman; W.C. Van Horne, Vice-President; Sandford Fleming, Director; Henry J. Cambie, Supervising Engineer; James Ross, Manager of Construction and Major Rogers, Engineer. The project, which consisted of a 1,229-metre long viaduct, a shorter 1.9-kilometre tunnel, and a longer 14.7-kilometre tunnel, was completed in the late 1980s. Construction of the new wings was delayed by World War I. Alex Holzwarth, who had been playing drums for Rhapsody onstage since 2000 was listed in the official band line-up on these releases, although Holzwarth has played drums in the studio since The Dark Secret EP. Unmatched cod stocks on the Grand Banks of Newfoundland launched this industry in the 16th century. With large airplanes such as the Boeing 737 and 747s and experienced pilots, flights to Amsterdam, Australia, Tokyo, Hong Kong, and Shanghai were introduced, which helped the airlines revenue grow from $3 million in 1942 to $61 million by 1964. [63] Because volcanoes in Western and Northern Canada are in relatively remote and sparsely populated areas and their activity is less frequent than with other volcanoes around the Pacific Ocean, Canada is commonly thought to occupy a gap in the Ring of Fire between the volcanoes of the western United States to the south and the Aleutian volcanoes of Alaska to the north. Web. Upon contact with English explorers, the English noted that the lead plates were monuments "of the renewal of [French] possession" of the land. [31], The World Health Organization defines Indigenous populations as follows: "communities that live within, or are attached to, geographically distinct traditional habitats or ancestral territories, and who identify themselves as being part of a distinct cultural group, descended from groups present in the area before modern states were created and current borders defined. Cominco hired Randolphe Ralph William Diamond, a prominent metallurgist from Ontario, to head up the companys milling operations and to conduct testing on the Sullivan ore, to come up with the best solution to separate the valuable ore from the rock. Ref: NS8565. WebThe doctrine of discovery is a legal and religious concept, tied to the Roman Catholic Church, which rationalized and "legalized" colonization and the conquering of Indigenous peoples in the eyes of Christianized Europeans.According to Indigenous rights' activists and legal scholars Robert J. Miller, Jacinta Ruru, Larissa Behrendt, and Tracey Lindberg, the The 14,188-ton Empress of Britain I completed in 1906 was the first of three Canadian Pacific trans-Atlantic passenger liners to bear this name. Native Americans in the United States are 600 times more likely to acquire tuberculosis and 62% more likely to commit suicide than the non-Indian population. Pages 118148 in L.H. In Hong Kong, the indigenous inhabitants of the New Territories are defined in the Sino-British Joint Declaration as people descended through the male line from a person who was in 1898, before Convention for the Extension of Hong Kong Territory. Abbot hut, located at an altitude of 9,600 feet on the Continental Divide near Lake Louise, was one of several alpine shelters built by CPR between 1902 and 1922 to promote mountain climbing. [58], As the "rules" of colonization became established in legal doctrines agreed upon by between European colonial powers, methods of laying claims to Indigenous lands continued to expand rapidly[citation needed]. In late 2009 Limb Music re-released their back-catalogue from 1997 to 2001, along with the compilation album Tales from the Emerald Sword Saga on digital music stores. As tracks were completed and branch lines extended, so was the reach of the express service. The story is directly connected to The Frozen Tears of Angels. CPR Ogden Shops armament production during World War II. WebAs part of the contract with the Government of Canada to build the transcontinentental railway, the CPR was granted 25 million acres of land, and these lands included petroleum and natural gas rights (mineral rights). The Canadian Pacific Railway was formed to physically unite Canada and Canadians from coast to coast. The United States [and] its civilized inhabitants now hold this country. p. 13-134. A member of the Moricetown Band was convicted of fishing without a license. 403, a Brown class S.D. Well before safety rules that included hard hats, steel-toed boots and safety glasses, a westbound Pacific Express train crew proudly poses on the Loops at the first crossing of the Illecillewaet in BC. To speed things, at the local end where telephone service was established, messages would first be telephoned. Climate change has not only environmental, but also human rights and socioeconomic implications for Indigenous communities. A mechanical tracklayer of the type used in the construction of the CPR main line west of Sudbury, ON in the summer of 1884. 670. Victoria 13 times. [181], The first UN publication on the State of the World's Indigenous Peoples revealed alarming statistics about indigenous peoples' health. WebPassword requirements: 6 to 30 characters long; ASCII characters only (characters found on a standard US keyboard); must contain at least 4 different symbols; Swimming, sailing, golfing, hunting, fishing, canoeing and trail riding were popular activies in the summer, and in winter skating, toboganning and skiing were promoted. On the inland side of the Boundary Ranges are the Tahltan and Tagish Highlands and also the Skeena Mountains, part of the Interior Mountains system, which also extend southwards on the inland side of the Kitimat Ranges.[37]. Although austere in appearance, the colonist sleeping cars, introduced by the CPR in 1884, were a decided improvement over the ordinary day coaches used for handling immigrant traffic to the Prairies during the preceding years. Sudbury is an exception to the normal process of forming minerals in the Shield since there is significant evidence that the Sudbury Basin is an ancient meteorite impact crater. Summary: In the mid-20th century, European attitudes began to shift to the view that Indigenous and tribal peoples should have the right to decide for themselves what should happen to their ancient cultures and ancestral lands. [25] The Indigenous group's ability to influence and participate in the external policies that may exercise jurisdiction over their traditional lands and practices is very frequently limited. Frances Gardiner Davenport, p. 12. [25] The West Lowland includes the Niagara Escarpment, extending from the Niagara River to the Bruce Peninsula and Manitoulin Island. In 2010 and 2013 several incidents occurred in Thnh Tn and Phc Nhn villages where Cham were murdered by Vietnamese. [95], The vast regions of Asia contain the majority of the world's present-day indigenous populations, about 70% according to IWGIA figures. In 1991, CPR bought the bankrupt Delaware and Hudson Railway (D&H) giving it access to ports in the U.S. Northeast. For the first two seasons much of the cargo space was taken up by railway construction material, pending the completion of the line north of Lake Superior linking the Companys western rail system with the eastern provinces. Prior to the opening of the CPR, getting from one end of Canada to the other was nearly impossible, and would have taken months via boats, horseback and on foot. Renamed Montroyal in 1924, the ship was withdrawn from service in 1930. In 1935 the building was closed as a hotel, although for a brief period following the Second World War it served as temporary accommodation for British war brides of Canadian servicemen. The Guanches had remained undisturbed and relatively "forgotten" by Europeans until Portugal began surveying the island for potential settlement in 1341. Keewatin area, Northwestern Ontario, Indigenous communities involved: Ski Pioneer Erling Strom on Mount Assiniboine, BC. Between 1910 and 1920, theCPR invested heavily in irrigation initiatives in Southern Alberta, including construction of the Bassano Dam, Brooks Aqueduct, and roughly4,000 kilometers of canals and ditches. In the 1950s the band authorized BC Hydro to use some of their land to install hydro lines, and the agreement did not specify an exact termination date; in the 1990s, the band appealed to the BC Supreme Court and later to the SCC, claiming that the part of the Indian Act under which the agreement was made was not intended to continue the agreement indefinitely. The band released Triumph or Agony on 25 September 2006 in Europe.
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